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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are medicated. It can improve symptoms but can also cause negative side effects. If you experience adverse effects, speak to your GP about them. Stimulants are the most common type of prescription medication that healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These drugs increase the amount of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters, which control the behavior and attention. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It works by increasing the activity of brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other ailments such as narcolepsy. It can help people with the condition to stay alert and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a high abuse potential and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. The medication is taken exactly as prescribed to decrease the risk of abuse and side negative effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also increase the severity of the behavior and tics of people suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. People with these conditions should tell their doctor prior to taking this medication. It is essential to inform your doctor if you suffer from any other health problems or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye that is found in processed foods and some medications; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, such as opioid medicines, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors like isocarboxazid (Marplan) Linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, phenelzine (Nardil) and rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar) or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid drinking alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These drugs may affect your heart rate or blood pressure. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablet (Ritalin) and the oral disintegrating capsule with a long-acting mechanism and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT), and the long acting chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine. It can be a risk when a genetic condition such as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that works with the brain to improve mood and decrease symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs during the winter and fall seasons. It can also be used to aid people in quitting smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Numerous studies on adults have demonstrated that bupropion can improve ADHD symptoms in comparison to placebo. The pooled fixed-effect RR for improvement over the course of a week (using a clinically significant change of 30 percent or more on a CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.37) and, for overall response, the proportion of better subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion group, compared to 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion may cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with a number of different drugs, including sedatives antidepressants and some blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizures in people with an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is also not recommended for people suffering from certain medical conditions and is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Bupropion is available under the brand name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of medications that affect the brain's chemical. They were among the first antidepressants that were developed, and although they are no longer the first-line treatment for depression they are still beneficial for people suffering from other conditions. They work by blocking the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, thereby increasing their availability within neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other diseases, such as enuresis, pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia, and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective for ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are prescribed alone or with stimulants. They can improve core symptoms and may decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. In addition, they could aid in managing disorders like tics, which are repeated, uncontrollable movements or sounds, such as throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can trigger side effects, like sedation, dry mouth and constipation, and may increase the risk of cardiovascular problems. These medications can interact negatively with other medications such as anticholinergics and should never be taken by pregnant women. These medications can also cause teratogenic reactions in animals, and they may cross the placenta. If you have any concerns, talk to your doctor, as there are newer antidepressants that have a less harmful adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of serotonin that is available to signal. They also reduce anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are utilized as an adhd medication since they can improve symptoms in some people and may be beneficial along with other medications. Examples of SSRIs include paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a very low clearance from the human body. However they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes within the liver. This causes variable blood concentrations. These drugs can also be prescribed to treat other disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and generalized anxiety disorder and the bulimia-nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline can help reduce PTSD core symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs may cause a very uncommon side effect, referred to as sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these medications, it is important to speak with your doctor. A lot of people must try several different kinds of ADHD medication before they find the one that suits them. Research and development of new medications is ongoing. It is essential to inform your doctor about any medications you are taking. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant drugs aren't effective for adults with ADHD doctors typically prescribe an antidepressant known as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications boost the levels of two brain chemicals known as serotonin and norepinephrine. They also improve mood, reduce depression and anxiety. The SNRIs are similar in their negative effects to TCAs however they are less harmful. They are used to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety disorders and long-term pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. They can also be utilized as an additional treatment for depression. SNRIs are duloxetine, (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption process of norepinephrine within the brain that is a normal process after neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increased levels of norepinephrine help improve concentration and mood. Although SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, some doctors use as an alternative to stimulants. Most commonly, they are taken as pills. However, they are also available in the form of liquids or patches. The FDA approved a oral SNRI, called viloxazine or Qelbree, to treat ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a controlled medication because it does not have the potential of being abused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine in the brain. They are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but they can aid in the treatment of symptoms of ADHD. SNRI drugs such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly decrease scores on a variety of ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs may increase blood pressure or interact with other medications. Therefore, it is essential to consult a physician before taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly handled medication can harm both people and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the correct disposal instructions. add adult medications and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe these medications off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Speak to your doctor and discuss the symptoms of your child. SNRIs can raise the body's level of serotonin and norepinephrine, but are not suitable for all. For example women who are pregnant or nursing should not take SNRIs as they may be passed into breast milk. They should not be taken by those who suffer from high blood pressure, liver problems or other cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people with ADHD find that medication helps improve their focus and attention. They might also experience less behavior that is impulsive. The medication is often combined with behavioral therapy and skills training to help people understand how to manage their symptoms. It takes time to identify the right medication and dose for each individual. In this period, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find the right balance between the effects of side effects and the benefits. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, increase the activity of specific brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. Although they are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, they can also cause serious side effects like decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These effects typically subside within a few days, as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children and adults. They take longer to begin working, but they are able to enhance concentration and impulse control. They include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine), as well as Guanfacine. Antidepressants are also effective for treating ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter neopinephrine levels in the brain and assist with depression and impulsive behavior. Bupropion, an antidepressant, has been prescribed to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” however, drug companies developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved the use of it as treatment.